3) "Word" from God
Jesus is referred to as a "Word" from God in three passages
in the Quran. No other prophet has been described with such a title.
"…O Mary! Behold, God gives you good news of a word from Him,
who shall become known as the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary..." (Quran 3:45)
"…The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was only a messenger of God,
and His word which He conveyed unto Mary..." (Quran 4:171)
"…God gives you good news of (a son whose name is) John, (who
comes) to confirm a word from God…" (Quran 3:39)
Christians believe that in the first chapter of the
Gospel of John, Jesus is identified as "the Word" (logos in Greek)
incarnated, or made flesh. "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was
with God, and the Word was God... And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us,
full of grace and truth..."
The Christian idea of the logos is completely
different from the simple Islamic understanding of the ‘Word.’ The idea of the
Greek logos may be traced back at least to the 6th century BC
philosopher, Heracleitus. He proposed that there was a logos in the
cosmic process analogous to the reasoning power in man. The Greek speaking
Jewish philosopher, Judaeus Philo of Alexandria (15 BC - 45 CE), taught that
the logos was the intermediary between God and the cosmos. The writings of Philo were preserved and cherished by the Church,
and provided the inspiration for a sophisticated Christian philosophical
theology. "The identification of Jesus with the logos… was further
developed in the early church but more on the basis of Greek philosophical
ideas than on Old Testament motifs. This development was dictated by attempts
made by early Christian theologians and apologists to express the Christian
faith in terms that would be intelligible to the Hellenistic world and to
impress their hearers with the view that Christianity was superior to, or heir
to, all that was best in pagan philosophy."[1]
Islam provides a clear explanation of how Jesus was a "Word"
from God. But first the process of human procreation must be understood. The Might
of God is behind everything. Whenever God decides to do something, like giving
life or causing death, He says the word "Be" and it happens,
"It is He who gives life and causes death; and when He decrees
a matter, He but says to it, ‘Be,’ and it is." (Quran 40:68)
The first step in human procreation is the biological union
between male and female reproductive cells in addition to the will of God. Since
Jesus was born without a father, he was not conceived by the male sperm cells.
Instead his creation, similar to Adam, is solely attributed to the Word of God,
‘Be.’ God says:
"Indeed the likeness of Jesus to God as the likeness of Adam;
He created him from dust, then said to him, ‘Be,’ and he was." (Quran 3:59)
The Quran gives details of Jesus’ conception. Mary was
not impregnated by a man. Angel Gabriel, referred to in the Quran as the
Spirit, brought the soul of Jesus – his soul was created by God like other
human souls - to breathe it into Mary. On seeing the angel, she expressed with
surprise,
"‘My Lord,’ said Mary, how shall I have a son when no
man has ever touched me?" (Quran 3:47)
The angel answered,
"Thus it is: God creates what He wills: When he
decrees a matter, He only says to it: ‘Be,’ and it is." (Quran 3:47)
Gabriel then blew the soul of Jesus into Mary, "so We
blew into it (her womb) through Our angel." (Quran 66:12)
In essence, Jesus is God’s ‘Word’ because he came into
existence by God’s Word - ‘Be’ - as the Quran describes in another passage,
"His word which He conveyed unto Mary..." (Quran
4:171)
(4) "Spirit" from God
In the Quran, God attributes certain creations to
Himself as a means of respect and honor. For example, God calls the sacred
mosque in Mecca "My House" as a means of veneration. God says:
"And We enjoined Abraham and Ishmael saying: ‘Purify My
House for those who circumambulate (it), and those who abide (in it) for devotion,
and those who bow down (and) those who prostrate themselves." (Quran 2:125)
The Quran describes Jesus to be a ‘Spirit’ proceeding from
God:
"We breathed into her (Mary) from My Spirit." (Quran 21:91)
"…a Spirit created by Him."(Quran 4:171)
"We blew into (her womb) through Our angel." (Quran 66:12)
Jesus was a spirit, or more correctly, a soul created by
God, brought by Gabriel, a mighty angel of God, and breathed into Mary:
"We blew into (her womb from her garment) through Our
angel." (Quran 66:12)
Jesus was not a ‘part,’ ‘person,’ or ‘activity’ of God
that separated and dwelled inside Mary. He is called a ‘Spirit’ from God as a
symbol of respect and honor, not divinity.
Likewise, God also gives Adam this characteristic of
being His spirit. God said when He ordered the angels to prostrate to Adam upon
his creation.:
"So, when I have fashioned him (Adam) completely and breathed
into him (Adam) the soul which I created for him, then fall down prostrating
yourselves unto him." (Quran 38:72)
Indeed Jesus is given an honored status in the Quran and
is has been given certain titles and descriptions not given to other prophets,
but this in no way should cause a person to believe that Jesus was anything
other than mortal. This can be summarized in the following verse in which God says:
"O People of the Book (the Jews and the Christians)! Do not
exceed the limits in your religion, and do not speak (lies) against God, but
(speak) the truth; the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, is only a messenger of God
and His Word which He bestowed on Mary and a Spirit from Him; believe therefore
in God and His messengers, and say not, ‘Three’. Desist, it is better for you; Indeed
God is only one diety; far be it from His glory that He should have a son, To
Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth, and God is
All-Sufficient as a Disposer of affairs." (Quran 4:171)
Footnotes:
